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《明代关西七卫与西番诸卫》

     The Seven Guards in Guanxi Area and the Several Guards in Xibo Area During Ming Dynasty
作  者:程利英
出  处:西藏研究 2005年03期
发表时间:2005-03-01
分 类 号:K207
文  摘:
明朝的西北边防体制包括西域、河湟两个方向,在西域设立关西七卫,在河湟地区设立西番诸卫,是体制不同的两类卫所,同时,这两类卫所在维护西北边陲方面也发挥了不同的作用.

参考链接:
  · http://scholar.ilib.cn/Abstract.aspx?A=xzyj200503004
关 键 词:明代 西北 边防体制 关西七卫 西番诸卫
正  文:
 
  明朝的西北边防体制包括西域、河湟两个方向,明朝在嘉峪关以西设立关西七卫的同时,在河湟地区(安多藏区) 也设立了西番诸卫,它们互为表里,共同构成了明朝的边防体系。关于关西七卫,自上世纪30 年代岑仲勉先生发表《明初曲先、阿端 ……
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参考文献:
注释:
①(清)查继佐《: 罪惟录·外藩列传·哈密》,浙江古籍出版社
1986 年版,第2767 页。
②⑤《明太祖实录》卷90 ,洪武七年六月壬戌,上海古籍出版社1983 年版,第1586~1587 页。
③⑥《明太祖实录》卷96 ,洪武八年正月甲子,上海古籍出版社1983 年版,第1654 、1649~1650 页。
④赖家度《: 明代初期西北七卫的设置》,载《历史教学》1957
年第8 期。
⑦⑧[15](清) 张廷玉等:《明史·西域二·罕东卫》,中华书局
1974 年版,第8562 、8562 、8565 页。
⑨《明太宗实录》卷24 ,上海古籍出版社1983 年版,第443~
444 页。
[10]《明太宗实录》卷25 ,永乐元年十一月甲午,上海古籍出版社1983 年版,第455 页。
[11](清)张廷玉等《: 明史·西域一·哈密卫》,中华书局1974 年
版,第8511 页。
[12]《明太宗实录》卷36 ,永乐二年十一月己亥,上海古籍出版社1983 年版,第619 页。
[13](明)严从简《: 殊域周咨录·西戎·哈密》,中华书局1993 年
版,第412 页。
[14]《明太宗实录》卷52 ,永乐四年三月丁巳,上海古籍出版社
1983 年版,第786~787 页。
[16](明) 宋濂等:《元史·百官志三》,中华书局1976 年版,第
2193 页。
[17]《明宪宗实录》卷40 ,成化三年三月丙寅,上海古籍出版社
1983 年版,第804 页。
[18]王继光《: 明代必里卫新考》,载《西北民族研究》1993 年第
1 期。
[19]《明太祖实录》卷225 ,上海古籍出版社1983 年版,第3295
~3296 页。
[20](清)张廷玉等《: 明史·食货志四》,中华书局1974 年版,第
1949 页。
[21](清)张廷玉等《: 明史·西域二·安定卫》,中华书局1974 年
版,第8551 页。
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�̀�ķ�鈤�ǟπ&# -- [未验证] Blondell (2025-06-05 06:55:28)
Its frontline agents tend to be hands-on technical individuals, impatient to pour concrete and get the roles accomplished.
Their impulses lie primarily in an space often identified
as Material Protection, Management and Accounting, or inside the NNSA, lovingly, as MPC&A.
Over the years the NNSA has recognized approximately 220 buildings
at fifty-two sites in Russia that are in dire need of treatment.
That_s lots, and in consequence, really there are two therapies.
The first is a stop-gap measure called a "rapid improve." It involves bricking up the
warehouse home windows, putting in stronger locks, fixing the fences, possibly hiring some guards.
Of course, we don_t know what are the side effects of coming off steroids; Ava,
we don_t know, as we are repetitively reminded.


In different words, whereas it'll get you huge
very quickly, you'll achieve a shitload of water, glycogen and presumably fats, together
with muscle. Anabolic steroids permanently have an result on the number of
myonuclei in the muscle cell. Thus, through the concept of muscle memory, we see that hypertrophy can be restored in patients at
any given time. Testosterone has delicate to average adverse results on cholesterol and poses little to no liver toxicity.

Impotence, or Deca dick, is a standard facet impact reported by
bodybuilders in our clinic. This happens due to a scarcity
of nitric oxide production (4), combined with extreme prolactin within the bloodstream on Deca Durabolin. Deca
Durabolin doesn_t just produce spectacular features
in mass but also drastically will increase intracellular fluid,
resulting in exceptional muscle fullness and thickness.

This PCT was created by Dr. Michael Scally, a hormone replacement skilled.
This trio of medicine has been efficient in treating 19 males with low testosterone ranges (from the use of anabolic steroids).
Some people imagine Anadrol causes fat achieve; nevertheless,
this isn't correct. All anabolic steroids, including Anadrol, are
several types of exogenous testosterone.

Thus, completely different steroids will build
muscle and burn fat to different levels. Sure, it can have side effects, including liver
toxicity, estrogenic effects, and suppression of natural testosterone production.
It is always beneficial to seek the assistance of with a healthcare professional earlier than starting any new complement routine.
The pure plant is then floor into a powder with no additives,
just pure complete food. Making AlgaeCal calcium complement the
ideal bone well being supplement for ladies and men. The Bone Builder Pack is designed to help bone health
and increase bone mineral density on DEXA scans inside 6 months.

Clinical studies also present you can count on to see will
increase each year. The pack incorporates a 3-month supply of AlgaeCal Plus and Strontium Boost, which makes it
easy to take the supplements frequently and achieve the specified results.
Made with high-quality material, this hoodie is an 8.5 oz, traditional fit, and contains a twill-taped neck for added comfort.

However, if someone suspects you take steroids after you
talk openly about your use, it_s potential for
them to order a steroid take a look at specifically for you to take.
Though talking so abrasively about steroid use in such environments isn_t common,
as people typically don_t wish to get caught. You don_t wish to situation your body to need mega
doses of Anadrol so as to make additional positive aspects, which may be the case if
someone chooses to blast and cruise Anadrol. Androgenic unwanted side effects
will also be considerably much less on Deca in comparison with Anadrol, so in case you are prone
to pimples or are apprehensive about hair loss, Deca is the better steroid.

Both of those compounds complement each other when stacked collectively.

What is the appropriate time to attend between Dianabol cycles (including
not utilizing some other C17-alpha alkylated steroids during this time)?
Getting bloodwork accomplished to search out out the exact standing
of your body_s condition is a surefire method to know for certain how you_re
coping with the steroid and if you_ve absolutely recovered after a
cycle. Extended use of Dianabol and utilizing it at high doses puts you susceptible to long-term
unwanted side effects and doubtlessly everlasting injury to
your health. Dianabol comes with an even greater risk of causing longer-term issues because it_s an oral
steroid.
EFX Sports Activities Kre-Alkalyn is a pH-correct creatine monohydrate that is designed to assist athletes and bodybuilders achieve power, build muscle, and improve
performance. Unlike different creatine merchandise which have pH levels below 7, Kre Alkalyn EFX has a multi-patented
pH of 12-14, which produces a completely steady, buffered creatine molecule.
This ensures that the creatine remains stable in liquids and abdomen acids, allowing your physique to assimilate and put it to use
efficiently. One of probably the most important benefits of creatine
supplementation is its capability to naturally enhance muscle
development.
This product isn't intended for use by ladies or people underneath the age of 18.
If you have a medical situation or are taking any drugs,
seek the assistance of your healthcare supplier earlier than taking T-Bomb 3xtreme.
Jacked Factory's high-quality creatine monohydrate powder is rapidly absorbed and won't trigger gastrointestinal discomfort like different "new-age" types
of creatine.
The similar goes for bodybuilders, who often prefer steroids offering more outlined muscle mass, and
attempt to keep away from puffiness. Nonetheless, they still use
Anadrol stacked with other steroids so as to add a bit of hardness
to the muscular tissues. That made the manufacturing of anadrol unprofitable, and progressively all pharmaceutical
companies dedicated to the manufacturing of oxymetholone stopped manufacturing
this substance. However, in the late 1990_s anadrol
was admitted to be an effective remedy of the HIV/AIDS associated wasting syndrome when precautions have been taken to manage
its unwanted facet effects, and its manufacturing was re-initiated.
That was a very welcome information among athletes and bodybuilders because oxymetholone is certainly one of, if not THE, essentially the most highly
effective anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) in world.

Sure, other sides may even enhance at this level, however the
majority of men can tolerate 30mg of Dbol well.
Anyplace from 15 lbs and up is achievable, and whereas a lot of your early mass positive
aspects in the cycle might be water weight, as you progress,
your weight will increasingly be muscle mass. It_s potential to gain 20 lbs of mass inside just
some weeks of utilizing Dbol at 30-50mg every day, so long
as you_re consuming to realize weight and pushing hard in the gym.



[ 编辑 | 删除 ]
�̀�ķ�鈤�ǟπ&# -- [未验证] Anne (2025-06-04 23:57:52)
When you full a steroid cycle, submit cycle remedy (PCT) may help you get back on observe, this protocol is designed to boost testosterone back to wholesome levels.
PCT must be conducted beneath a professional physician_s care to ensure its effectiveness and
security. If you_re considering utilizing anabolic steroids to boost muscle mass or athletic performance,
it_s vital to recognise the potential for vital side effects
and addiction. The safest route is to avoid anabolic steroids altogether,
however when you determine to make use of them, there are steps to minimise the unfavorable impact they will have on your well being.
Learn on to learn about different types of anabolic
steroids, their unwanted facet effects, and the safest steroids and
person practices. Throughout a steroid cycle for bodybuilding and muscle
growth, doses are typically much higher than medically prescribed amounts.
Opting for shorter cycles and decrease doses may help mitigate
some risks.
Enanthate or Cypionate are one of the best testosterone esters on this cycle, so you_ll need two 10ml bottles of either.
These are great esters as a outcome of you can get away with a
once-a-week injection. You can undergo a stasis interval after the cycle, which is like a ready interval and lasts about 4 to 6 weeks.
Longer esters like Decanoate require a most
6-week waiting period. This is a veterinary steroid
used on debilitated horses to increase urge for food and enhance physique and muscle situation.
Superdrol is doubtlessly the most effective steroid for strength; nonetheless, its side effects are additionally harsh.
Our sufferers typically use a liver assist complement, SERM, and a
powerful PCT for hurt discount on Superdrol. Superdrol is an oral steroid that is a DHT derivative (similar to Anadrol).
It was as soon as incorrectly marketed as a prohormone (in the early
2000s).
Those who like liquid clenbuterol usually say that it's more-easily absorbed and actually highly effective.

Followers of the drugs like that they'll easily measure doses and simply pop a tablet(s)
into their mouth. As with most nice things, there are downsides to running a clen cycle.
Like SuperSkinnyMe.com points out, a number of the clenbuterol
side effects include high blood pressure, increased heart price, headaches, anxiety, overheating, dry mouth,
sweating and insomnia. These side effects could
be rather harsh so don't go into clen utilization flippantly.

What units Anabolic Gear Pharma aside from other sources of steroid data is our community-oriented strategy.

It takes roughly 4-5 half-lives for a drug to
be fully eliminated out of your system. Subsequently, Anavar can stay in your system for as much as forty
five hours after your last dose. It_s essential to note that PCT isn't
a one-size-fits-all solution. The medication you use and
the length of your PCT will rely upon a selection of elements, including the size of your Anavar cycle and your individual response to the drug.

Weeks 1 to 10 _ 500mg of testosterone enanthate weekly, with 400mg of nandrolone decanoate
weekly. In weeks 1 to four _ take 500mg of testosterone enanthate weekly, with Dianabol is 30mg daily.
It comes as no surprise that bodybuilders use these potent substances in _cycles_ since
our bodies aren't designed for these hormones and
steroids long term. In fact, injecting giant amounts can really kill you _ we advised you, they_re scary stuff.
Since Steroids dianobol can be incredibly highly effective, and have huge effects in your physique (both positive and negative!), understanding tips on how
to use them is essential to your well being and security.

This means possessing or using Primobolan with no prescription is not legal.
Some countries are more lenient when it comes to private use of Primo.
You can legally possess Primobolan in the UK,
Canada, some EU nations, and most Asian countries.

In some areas, such as Thailand, you can even discover steroids like Primobolan being offered over the counter
in pharmacies. Unfortunately, Primobolan is presumably the
most faked steroid being offered in UGL labs today.
For athletes and bodybuilders who wish to keep shredded, powerful,
and wholesome, pure steroid alternatives provide a safe, sustainable answer
with out compromising long-term well-being. Building
severe muscle mass takes time_and constant supplementation. Stay away from products that cover their formula behind
"proprietary blends." Full ingredient transparency
is essential to make sure you_re getting the precise doses wanted for effectiveness.
The finest legal steroids list every ingredient and its exact amount clearly on the label.

We have found trenbolone to be essentially the most powerful anabolic steroid available on the market,
well-known for its rapid results (with acetate) and distinctive
ability to transform body composition. 5a-reductase inhibitors can reduce the
scale of the prostate by 20_30% (2); however, decreased fats loss and muscle
constructing can also happen, with DHT being a extremely anabolic hormone.

Testosterone causes aromatization; thus, excessive ranges of
testosterone are converted into estrogen.
Attainable unwanted effects of utilizing Tren Hex are coughing suits after injecting, insomnia, extreme sweating, mood changes and aggression, zits,
hair loss on the top, and body hair progress.

Many folks aren_t aware that there are
three totally different esters of Trenbolone. Most bodybuilders use
Trenbolone Acetate and assume that_s the only one.



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